Carbohydrates
Less than 20% of the diet should be carbohydrates. Fish metabolize carbohydrates at a lower level than higher animals. As the chief source of energy, carbohydrates are very important to the fish's diet. Many fats require carbohydrates for their breakdown. but sucrose, lactose and starch are poorly digested. Excessive carbohydrates can increase the blood sugar and liver mass to potentially pathogenic levels. Excess carbohydrates are converted into fat.
Fiber
A dietary requirement for fiber in the diet of fishes has not been investigated extensively. Fiber has been demonstrated to be nonessestial in the diet of channel catfish and trout. Other data indicate it should not exceed 4% for salmonoids. Fiber is the part of the food that is not digested, but it is necessary for the normal functioning of the intestine. Excessive amounts of fiber can reduce the nutrient intake and impair digestibility.
Vitamins
........................ mg/kg of diet .............. .........remarks
Vitamin C.............100..................... not stored , used rapidly under stress
B12.......................02....................... stored in liver, heart, blood & brain
Biotin.....................1.........................stored in kidney, liver, & brain
Choline................3,000.....................destroyed by high temp & sun light
Folic Acid...............5.........................destroyed by high temp & sun light
Inositol..................400......................destroyed by high temp & sin light
Niacin (B3)...........150.......................stored in liver, destroyed by sun
Pantothenic...........40........................not stored, destroyed by high temp
Riboflavine.............20.......................not stored, destroyed by high temp
Thiamin .................10 ...................... not stored, destroyed by high temp
Vit A ............... 2,500IU.............. ....stored in liver, fat soluble
Vit E................... 30IU.................... stored in liver, fat soluble
Vit K ...................10IU..................... stored in liver, fat soluble
Vit D.................2,400IU ....................stored in liver, fat soluble
Minerals
......................... mg/kg of diet ........................ remarks
Aluminum .................2........................... must be supplied by diet
Calcium ..................3,800 ......................naturally in water
Chloride .................1,060 .......................naturally in water
Cobalt .....................16
Copper ....................12.5........................ must be supplied by diet
Iodine......................... 5 ..........................naturally in water
Magnesium ..............1,095 .......................must be supplied by diet
Iron ........................ 220 ..........................must be supplied by diet
Manganese ............... 15
Phosphorous.............5,170...................... naturally in water
Potassium ................5,300 .......................naturally in water
Sodium ....................1,280 .......................naturally in water
Sulfur...................... 1,500
Zinc .........................14 ........................... must be supplied by diet